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OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for clinical pharmacists participating in pharmaceutical consultation for children with urinary tract infection,and to improve rational drug use in clinic. METHODS:The information of 40 children with urinary tract infection consulted by clinical pharmacists were collected retrospectively from Jan. 2016 to Jan. 2017. The detection of pathogenic bacteria in urine culture,drug resistance of Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria to commonly used antibiotics,clinical pharmacist consultation,outcome,the utilization of antibiotics before and after consultation were analyzed. RESULTS:Among 40 children,urine culture of 37 children was positive,and 58 strains were detected. Gram-positive bacteria were mainly Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis;resistance rates of E. faecium to penicillin,ampicillin,amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium were 100%;resistance rate of E. faecalis to high-concentration of gentamicin and tetracycline was higher than 50%. Both were completely sensitive to linezolid,vancomycin,teicoplanin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and tigecycline. Gram-negative bacteria were mainly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae;resistance rates of them to penicillin,piperacillin were 100%;all of them showed low resistance to amikacin(21.43% to E. coli,20.00% to K. pneumoniae). The main reason for the consultation was the selection of antibiotics for drug-resistant bacteria infection;the following reason was the selection of antibiotics for mixed bacterial infection. The consultation advices of clinical pharmacists were mostly addition or replacement of antibiotics,followed by continuing the current treatment. Totally 37 cases were recovered from the hospital after receiving 40 times of consultation and adjusting medical orders. Before consultation,antibiotics with high utilization rate were piperacillin/tazobactam(11 cases)and roxavidospora(9 cases). After consultation,antibiotics with high utilization rate were vancomycin(8 cases)and amikacin(7 cases). CONCLUSIONS:Clinical pharmacists participate in pharmaceutical consultation of urinary tract infection in children,provide suggestions and adjust therapy plan from aspect of pharmacy to promote rational use of antibiotics and therapy efficacy.
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OBJECTIVE:To explore the role of clinical pharmacists participating in anti-infective treatment for a child with complex infection. METHODS:Clinical pharmacists participated in treatment process of one child with pulmonary infection and brain abscess after a near-drowning incident,assisted physicians to adjust antibiotics therapy plan,and put several suggestions as the adjustment of anti-gram-positive and anti-gram-negtive bacterium drugs,the dosage adjustment of vancomycin,vancomycin-induced ADR and disposal,the selection of anti-Pasteurella pneumotropica drugs,the enhancement of anti-fungal infection therapy,accord-ing to pathogen characteristics,treatment effect and ADR. RESULTS:Physicians partly adopted the advice of clinical pharmacists, the child’s pulmonary and brain infection were controlled effectively and ADR disappeared after 5 times of adjusting anti-infective the rapy plan. CONCLUSIONS:Clinical pharmacists participate in the treatment process of one child with complex infection,and assist physicians to formulate safe and effective anti-infective plan according to the results of etiological examination;dispose ADR timely and carry out efficacy evaluation of antibiotics and pharmaceutical care,that can give positive effects on patient treatment.
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Objective To establish a novel atherosclerosis model by inflammation in rats and investigate the anti-atherosclerotic effect of Rb1.Methods Healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, namely the control group, model group (using zymosan A to induce inflammation) and Rb1-treated group (12 rats in each group).The rats were administered liquid paraffin (i.p.), zymosan A (20 mg/kg, i.p., once every 4 days) or zymosan A and Rb1 (40 mg/kg, i.p., once daily), respectively.All animals were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks.At scheduled time points, pathological changes in the aorta were observed using Sudan IV staining and transmission electron microscopy.White blood cell count was used to assess the inflammation.The expression of NFκB, TNFα, IL6 was evaluated by real time PCR, im-munohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively.Results Typical atherosclerotic changes such as fatty streaks, plaque, foam cells in the rats following zymosan A induction were alleviated by Rb1 treatment.In the Rb1-treated group, there was a markedly decreased expression of NFκB, TNFα, and IL6.Conclusion The model of atherosclerosis can be established by inflammation based on high-fat diet in rats.Rb1 inhibits atherosclerosis through anti-inflammatory effect.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of PNS on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits, including the serum levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, level of MDA, activity of SOD and plaque area. METHODS: White Japanese rabbits were divided into normal control group, AS model group, low dose PNS group and high dose PNS group. Administration was for 12 consecutive weeks. The serum levels of TG, TC, LDL-C, MDA and activity of SOD were determined before experiment and at the end of the 12th week, respectively. RESULTS: The serum levels of TG, TC and LDL-C in AS model group were significantly higher than that in control group ( P